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In baseball, a submarine pitch is one in which the ball is released underhand, and often just above the ground, with the torso bent at a right angle and shoulders tilted so severely that they rotate around a nearly horizontal axis. (This is in stark contrast to an underhand pitch in softball in which the torso remains upright, the shoulders are level, and the hips do not rotate.) The "upside down" release of the submariner causes balls to move differently from pitches generated by other arm slots. Gravity plays a significant role, for the submariner’s ball must be thrown considerably above the strike zone,〔Adair, Robert K., ''The Physics of Baseball'', HarperCollins Perennial: New York, NY, 2002, p. 58, ISBN 0-06-008436-7〕 after which it drops rapidly back through. The sinking motion of the submariner’s fastball is enhanced by forward rotation, in contradistinction to the overhand pitcher’s hopping backspin. Submarine pitches are often the toughest for same-side batters to hit (i.e., a right-handed submarine pitcher is the more difficult for a right-handed batter to hit, and likewise for left-handed pitchers and batters). This is because the submariner’s spin is not perfectly level; the ball rotates forward and toward the pitching arm side, jamming same-sided hitters at the last moment, even as the ball drops rapidly through the zone.〔(Brad Ziegler, AL Rookie of the Year ). Hardballtimes.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-20.〕 The rarity of submarine pitchers is almost certainly attributable to its unusual technique. It is not typically a natural style of throwing—it is often a learned style—and because the vast majority of pitchers use an overarm motion, most young pitchers are encouraged to throw overhand. Though the bending motion required to pitch effectively as a submariner means that submariners may be more at risk of developing back problems, it is commonly thought that the submarine motion is less injurious to the elbow and shoulder.〔(A Different Look ). Metstoday.com (2007-10-12). Retrieved on 2010-11-20.〕 Past major league submariners include Carl Mays (whose unorthodox delivery possibly contributed to the fatal beaning of Ray Chapman), Ted Abernathy, Elden Auker, Chad Bradford, Mark Eichhorn, Gene Garber, Kent Tekulve and Dan Quisenberry. Steve Olin was also a submarine pitcher. Shunsuke Watanabe of the Lancaster Barnstormers is known as "Mr. Submarine" in Japan. Watanabe has an even lower release point than the typical submarine pitcher, dropping his pivot knee so low that it scrapes the ground. He now wears a pad under his uniform to avoid injuring his knee. His release is so low that his knuckles often become raw from their periodic drag on the ground. ==Present day submarine/sidearm pitchers== *R.J. Alvarez of the Oakland Athletics *Greg Burke of the Philadelphia Phillies *Randy Choate of the St. Louis Cardinals *Steve Cishek of the St. Louis Cardinals *Alex Claudio of the Texas Rangers *Louis Coleman of the Kansas City Royals *Tae-Hyon Chong of the Lotte Giants *Jake Diekman of the Texas Rangers *Tim Dillard of the Milwaukee Brewers *Cody Eppley of the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs *Pedro Feliciano of the Chicago Cubs *Cory Gearrin of the San Francisco Giants *Mychal Givens of the Baltimore Orioles *Sean Green of the Texas Rangers *Tommy Hottovy of the Chicago Cubs *Byung-Hyun Kim of the KIA Tigers *Hyun-Hee Han of the NEXEN Heroes *Bobby LaFromboise of the Pittsburgh Pirates *Chang-Yong Lim of the Samsung Lions *Javier López of the San Francisco Giants *Aaron Loup of the Toronto Blue Jays *Justin Masterson of the Boston Red Sox *Peter Moylan of the Atlanta Braves *Pat Neshek of the Houston Astros *Darren O'Day of the Baltimore Orioles *Joe Paterson of the Cincinnati Reds *Vinnie Pestano of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim *Clay Rapada of the San Francisco Giants *Ben Rowen of the Toronto Blue Jays *Gus Schlosser of the Somerset Patriots *Chris Schroder of the Miami Marlins *Joe Smith of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim *Joe Thatcher of the Houston Astros *Ehren Wassermann of the Long Island Ducks *Shunsuke Watanabe of the Lancaster Barnstormers *Brad Ziegler of the Arizona Diamondbacks 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Submarine (baseball)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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